Towards sustainable small-scale mining in Mazowe, Zimbabwe

Abstract

This study critically examines the drivers of unsustainable mining practices and investigates the institutional, social, and environmental dynamics shaping small-scale mining in Mazowe. Adopting a qualitative research paradigm allowed for an in-depth exploration of the lived experiences, perceptions, and institutional constraints affecting various stakeholders. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 37 participants, including Ministry of Mines and Mining Development officials, Environmental Management Agency (EMA) officers, small-scale miners, and local villagers residing near mining sites. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data, enabling the identification of recurring patterns and deeper structural issues within the sector. The results revealed four overarching themes. First, small-scale mining plays an essential socio-economic role by providing income, employment, and local economic stimulation. Second, despite its benefits, the activity contributes extensively to land degradation, water pollution, and ecosystem disturbance, largely due to weak enforcement capacity and limited compliance with environmental standards. Third, the study identified significant leadership gaps and poor coordination among miners, government departments, and regulatory institutions, which further complicate governance. Fourth, community participation in mining-related decision-making remains minimal, contributing to mistrust, conflict, and limited local ownership of mining activities. While the challenges were substantial, participants expressed readiness to adopt more sustainable practices when supported by clearer regulations, technical training, financial assistance, and improved institutional collaboration. The study concluded that strengthening institutional coordination, investing in capacity-building initiatives for miners, modernising mining legislation, improving environmental monitoring mechanisms, and ensuring meaningful community inclusion are critical steps towards achieving sustainability in the sector. By situating small-scale mining within broader debates on natural resource governance in Zimbabwe, this research contributes to scholarly understanding of small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa. The study also offers practical recommendations for policymakers, regulators, and mining communities seeking to enhance the viability and sustainability of small-scale mining in Mazowe