Water, sanitation and hygiene challenges at rural health centres: case of Nyanyadzi Clinic, Chimanimani, Zimbabwe

Abstract

Access to safe water, proper sanitation and good hygiene (WASH) is essential for delivering quality healthcare. However, many rural health facilities in Zimbabwe continue to struggle with unreliable water supplies, inadequate sanitation infrastructure and limited hygiene resources. Nyanyadzi Clinic in Chimanimani is one such facility where these challenges threaten patient safety, infection control and the overall quality of healthcare services. Understanding the real situation at the clinic is important for improving health outcomes and supporting national and global WASH standards. The study aimed to assess the challenges affecting WASH service delivery at Nyanyadzi Clinic and to identify practical strategies that could improve patient safety and healthcare quality. Specifically, the research examined water availability and reliability, sanitation facilities, hygiene materials and practices and the quality of water used for consumption. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was used to gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, observation checklists and water sampling and testing. This approach made it possible to combine measurable evidence with the experiences and perceptions of healthcare workers and patients. The findings revealed that the clinic faces significant WASH challenges. Water supply was found to be unreliable and often dependent on unsafe sources, especially during the rainy season. Sanitation facilities were limited and in need of maintenance, while shortages of hygiene materials affected consistent handwashing and infection prevention practices. Water quality testing indicated potential risks to safe consumption. Despite these challenges, participants showed awareness of hygiene practices and expressed strong willingness to improve WASH conditions if adequate support, training and resources were provided. The study concludes that improving WASH services at Nyanyadzi Clinic is essential for protecting patients, healthcare workers and the surrounding community. Strengthening infrastructure, improving access to hygiene resources, providing training and enhancing collaboration between stakeholders are key steps toward sustainable improvement. Continued commitment to WASH standards in rural healthcare facilities will play a critical role in reducing preventable diseases and improving healthcare delivery in Zimbabwe.