Geospatial analysis of occupational heat stress and healthcare accessibility for agricultural workers at east range sd3 farm.

Abstract

This study assessed occupational health and safety (OHS) risks, heat exposure, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities among agricultural workers at a large-scale commercial farm in Sebakwe, Zimbabwe. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining structured questionnaires administered to 34 farm workers and semi-structured interviews with one manager and five supervisors. Also, geospatial tools and techniques were used for spatial risk assessment. The findings from the Interview revealed the absence of formal occupational health and safety (OHS) systems, with most safety practices being informal and inconsistently applied. Workers reported limited safety training, inadequate use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and significant exposure to agrochemicals without proper protocols. Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) analysis across 2024 showed that over 53% of days were in the moderate to extreme heat stress range, with 3.3% exceeding critical thresholds (≥32°C), particularly in the northern, less-shaded zones of the farm. Socioeconomic analysis indicated disparities between permanent and non-permanent workers, with the latter experiencing lower education levels but fewer dependents, while permanent workers faced greater financial strain due to larger household sizes and injury-related costs. Healthcare accessibility was a challenge, with many workers residing over 10 km from health centres, hindering timely medical attention. This highlights systemic gaps in occupational safety governance and emphasises the need for formalized health and safety protocols, improved training, and adaptive measures to protect farm workers from environmental and occupational hazards in the context of climate stress. Also crucial to address inequities faced by non-permanent workers by expanding their access to healthcare, education, and formal employment protection. Despite being confined to a single farm, the study offers crucial insights into systemic issues, urging policymakers and farm management to prioritize agricultural workers. Ultimately, protecting farm workers is essential for fostering a more sustainable and equitable agricultural system aligned with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.