Functionality of the one health approach in reducing anthrax for improved nutrition security: A Case-control study in Gokwe South.

Abstract

Background: This study was to assess the functionality of the One Health Approach in reducing Anthrax for improved Nutrition Security in Gokwe South through establishing the key risk factors contributing to anthrax morbidity and determine key interventions in place towards management of anthrax in the community. Methods: The research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach utilising a 1:2 unmatched case-control study to assess risk factors associated with contracting anthrax. Data collection was conducted using a structured questionnaire for general participants and a key informant interview guide for KI, and the selection of participants was done using a multi-stage stratified sampling method. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent risk factors of anthrax morbidity, and thematic analysis was conducted for the One Health Approach on anthrax management. Results: 285 participants were interviewed, i.e., 95 cases, along with 190 controls. The Multivariable logistic regression predicted the factors associated with anthrax morbidity as the preferred type of grazing (forest) [game area, OR = 137.12, 95% CI (0.195–96420.507); grass fields OR = 5.03, 95% CI (0.52-48.39)], handling of dead livestock (veterinary notification) [sell/consume carcass OR = 10.82, 95% CI (2.17–53.98)], and perceived anthrax risk (low) [ moderate OR =39.89 , 95% CI (6.68–238.36); severe OR =20.20 , 95% CI (4.51–90.53)]. Through interactions with district stakeholders, it was observed that the request for the adoption of the One Health Approach was still theoretical, with insignificant implementation within the district due to a lack of adequate resources and weak coordination. Conclusion: This study highlights the key factors related to knowledge attitudes and practices contributing to the endemicity of anthrax in the Gokwe South district. It also highlights the need for a multisectoral response through the One Health Approach to ensure a reduction in anthrax cases so as to minimise livestock losses and transmission of disease to humans to ensure community resilience and improved sustainable food systems.